We thoroughly investigated the possibilities of simplified modelling of masonry structures.

For standard, regular structures, an equivalent-frame approach can be sufficient, provided that appropriate models for the strength and displacement capacity of piers and spandrels are chosen.

We proposed a refined displacement capacity model for masonry piers in 2011, long before the update of the Italian Building Code in the same direction in 2019.

The spandrel behaviour has been investigated by comparing several models that are made available in our solver.

We also proposed a confidence factor, FC_G, in the case that equivalent-frame models are used with an irregular opening layout. The confidence factor increases with the level of irregularity of the wall, measured through a proposed index.

Our macro-element equivalent-frame software includes all the above-mentioned features.

SMARTef

It is suitable for most case of professional use. For the most complex one we have SMARTmasonry.

References

• [Orlando M., Salvatori L., Spinelli P., De Stefano M. (2016). Displacement capacity of masonry piers: parametric numerical analyses versus international building codes. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 14:2259-2271]
• [Berti M, Salvatori L., Spinelli P. (2017). Unreinforced masonry walls with irregular opening layouts: reliability of equivalent-frame modelling for seismic vulnerability assessment. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 15:1213-1239]